A fingerprint is a pattern of peaks and furrows in the outer layer of the skin (the epidermis). The shape of fingerprints is partly influenced by your genes but the patterns that make each fingerprint different are thought to be formed in response to movements of the foetus within the mother’s womb. Thus even identical twins will have different fingerprints!
The ridges that form the fingerprint contain tiny pores that release sweat. This sweat can be deposited on a surface when the item is touched, leaving an invisible impression of the fingerprint. Such impressions are known as latent fingerprints and they can be made visible by treatment using powders and chemicals.
The use of finger and palm prints as a means of identification was developed in India during the mid 19th Century, principally by a British officer in the Indian Civil Service - Sir William Herschel. He noted that fingerprints were unique and permanent and in the 1850’s began using them as a signature for contracts. Sir Edward Henry, who also worked for the Indian Civil service began to develop the use of fingerprints in criminal cases after formulating the Henry Classification System that enabled the searching of records according to the three main fingerprint patterns
There are variations within each pattern and small characteristics of the ridges (called minutia) that individualise the print and enable a skilled fingerprint analyst to visually match an unknown fingerprint with that of the suspected.
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